内容简介
本书以议论文写作的基本要素为框架，以高中、雅思和托福的作文案例为基本素材，讨论： 一如何明晰地表达自己的主张； 如何解题以及选择议论视角； 如何确立或质疑论点与论据的关系等。 本书的读者对象是高中英语教师和有兴趣提高英语议论文写作的广大读者，宗旨是为英语议论文写作教学和实践提供切实有效的指导。
目录
Chapter One Why do we need critical thi and argumentation 1.1 The iIlusion of understandjna：Can we or others understand what we say 1.2 The illusion of clarity：Why is argumentation essential in critical thi 1.3 The illusion of interaction：Are we being communicative in argumentation 1.4 The illusion of objectivity：Can we be neutral in argumentationChapter Two What do we need to know about argumentation 2.1 What is argumentation 2.1.1 The purpose ofargumentation 2.1.2 What is an argument 2.1.3 What is a claim in an argument 2.2 What does it take to make a claim 2.2.1 What is a topic 2.2.2 What iS a comment 2.3 What makes a good claim 2-3.1 A good claim is reader-sensitive 2.3.2 Agood claim is made in line with the support it har/> 2.3.3 Agood claim has a clear focal point 2.4 What does a claim do 2.4.1 Have we prepared readers for the claim 2.4.2 Have we located the claim in the relevant context 2.4.3 Have we structured the argument according to the claimChapter Three Why is definition important 3.1 What is a definition 3.1.1 A specification ofwhat we want the words to mean in an argument 3.1.2 A specification ofthe criteria we use for an argument 3.1.3 A specification of a perspective that can be shared with othe 3.1.4 A specification ofwhat definition makes or breakr/> 3.2 How do we define a word 3.2.1 Choosing a perspective 3.2.2 Selecting a field 3.2.3 Following the ruler/> 3.3 What does a definition do to an argument 3.3.1 It makes a claim clear and sharp to readerr/> 3.3.2 It sets up the point ofrelevance for support 3.3.3 It forces us to stop to think about the words we ur/> 3.4 Where can we find a definition 3.4.1 Consulting dictionarier/> 3.4.2 Turning to authoritier/> 3.4.3 ImprovisationChapter Four What is a claim of fact 4.1 What does a claim of fact argue about 4.1.1 Facts and levels ofcertainty 4.1.2 Facts and assumptionr/> 4.1.3 Claims and their purposer/> 4.2 How do we make a claim of fact 4.2.1 Are the words chosen for a topic clear enough 4.2.2 Do the words chosen for a comment make it easy to find evidence 4.2.3 Does the claim make good use of the evidence we have 4.3 How can we challenge a claim of fact 4.3.1 Faulting the topic 4.3.2 Faulting the comment 4.3.3 Faulting the focus ofa claim 4.4 How can we find evidence 4.4.1 Direct evidence 4.4.2 Indirect evidence 4.4.3 Statistical evidence 4.4.4 Anecdotal evidenceChapter Five How do we know our factual argument workr/> 5.1 How do we know if a claim is clear enough 5.1.1 Selecting the focal point 5.1.2 Pinning down the right point in the issue with definition 5.1.3 Keeping in mind the purpor/> 5.2 How can we be sure if me argument follows the focal point in a claim 5.2.1 Failure in deciding on the focal point 5.2.2 Failure in resisting the temptation 5.3 How can we check the coherence in the factual argument 5.3.1 Elishing coherence with the key point in a claim 5.3.2 Elishing coherence on the adequate underlying assumptionr/> 5.4 How can we challenge the relevance of the evidence 5.4.1 Evidence and presentation 5.4.2 Evidence and wordingChapter Six What is a claim of value 6.1 What does a claim of value argue about 6.1.1 Defining a claim ofvalue 6.1.2 Justifying a claim ofvalue with a principle 6.2 How do we make a claim of value 6.2.1 Are the words unequivocal for a claim ofvalue 6.2.2 Is the principle for the judgment made clear 6.2.3 Is there common ground 6.3 How can we challenge a claim of value 6.3.1 Faulting the fairness ofpresentation 6.3.2 Faulting the choice ofthe principle 6.3.3 Challenging the validity ofthe principle 6.4 How can we find the principle 6.4.1 Have wejust followed the habitual choice 6.4.2 Does the principle we use offer anything newChapter Seven How can we know our value argument workr/> 7.1 How do we present an issue and select a principle 7.1.1 How can the presentation of an issue invalidate an argument 7.1.2 How does understanding affect the choice of a principle 7.2 How do we select the right field for an argument 7.2.1 Deciding priority 7.2 2 Sti to the field that is most relevant 7.3 How can we make sure we are arguing about the right issue 7.3.1 Understanding the questions in the tar/> 7.3.2 Understanding the relation between terms in the tar/> 7.4 How can we decide if the principle we apply is relevant 7.4.1 Be aware of the complex implications of a principle 7.4.2 Be sure the principle is applied relevantlyChapter Eight How can we be engaged critically in argumentation 8.1 How can we pin down the issue 8.1.1 Starting with definition 8.1.2 Trying a different perspective 8.1.3 Putting the issue in a context 8.2 How shall we look for ways of engagement 8.2.1 Arguing with the same principle 8.2.2 Arguing by analogy 8.3 How can we stay focused 8.3.1 Always che with questionr/> 8.3.2 Finding the rallying point in the tar/> 8.4 How shall we launch an argument in a field 8.4.1 Using the language ofthe field 8.4.2 Choosing the same field to respondReferencer/>